Whitepaper

Introduction

The Aqua Protocol (AQP) is a data accountability and exchange protocol between hosts in peer-to-peer environments. The AQP is used to realize the goal of accounting for data origin and history . The description for the proof-of-concept implementation of the AQP can be found in this page .

Motivation

In today’s world, there are no widely adopted trustless processes of checking if data have been manipulated or corrupted, are attributed to the wrong author, or are attributed to the wrong time. Today’s processes are dependent on centralized trusted services which retain all power over governing the data.

There is a lack of transparency or ability to check if data have been altered by an unauthorized party. Additionally, consumers of data are incapable of verifying if centralized services have altered the data. This leads to a world of untrustworthy information in which we don’t know how to conclude what is true.

In a world where every piece of information is a grain in a sandstorm, it has become impossible to navigate reality. In contrast, in a world where every piece of information is a fixed star in the sky for a lifetime, we are able to relate and make sense of the information given. The Aqua Protocol (AQP) turns grains of information into fixed stars of information.

The AQP adds a peer-to-peer layer of accountability, making it impossible to change data unnoticed. AQP adds an essential line of defense against attacks on data integrity, plagiarism, or misattribution. AQP is used to govern trusted data, which can be quickly verified. This includes the verification of its integrity and history, the verification of its account (the entity who creates or manipulates the data), and the verification of its existence and timestamp.

The Aqua Protocol provides trustworthiness to data by
securing data ✅ integrity, 🔏 account and ⌚ time.

In order to account data, it is necessary to track and verify its history. The AQP provides a globally unique resource identification (URI) for each revision of the verified data. This identifier is collision-free, and is referred the same way across multiple interacting hosts.

Terminology

Wallet

A wallet is a software for protecting and managing private cryptographic keys (of private-public key pairs) which are used to govern digital assets. This is done by authorization of transactions via digital signatures or by initiating decryption processes to access data.

See Separation of Concerns .

Account

We are following Ethereum’s account definition:

In general, there are two types of accounts. Externally owned accounts, controlled by private keys. And contract accounts, controlled by their contract code – Ethereum Whitepaper

In general, we can’t prove if an account owner is a person or a machine. With advancements in AI, it will become increasingly difficult to prove that a human is a human. Attempts are being made to increase trustworthiness of accounts which fall short in questions of privacy and security as they make public claims. Traditional know your customer (KYC) combined with the AQP and Aqua Identity Protocol (AIP) identification processes can provide similar “proof of being human” which can be attested to an account. This allows us to outsource the problem of identification, where we only focus on unique accounts which are sufficient for data accounting independent of humans or machines. Identity claims issued via the AIP will help to provide the context required to meaningfully interact between accounts.

For more on this topic, please read the Aqua Identity Protocol .

Domain

A domain is a unique namespace attributed to an account. It allows us to manage services and files within that namespace creating a domain of data governance After granted permissions, additional accounts can be added to share control over a domain or singular assets. To enforce boundaries of a domain, additional software like the Guardian is required.

E.g. by setting up the a data vault with your account it becomes your domain of data governance.

Revision

A revision is the smallest portable entity within the AQP. Multiple revisions form a single portable hash chain which is serialized in JSON format. They have existed before in unsecured systems where multiple revisions form a file which can be displayed as a page. The AQP adds the cryptographic harness to secure it. With presenting a portable hash chain, it is possible to track all incremental changes stored in each revision to understand the history of a page and how it came to be. This allows us to have version control on digital assets being able to restore earlier states and to relate to them. This allows us to have historical evidence of digital assets.

Page

A page is a visible representation of a file containing multiple or a single revision attributed to a shared origin. A page view could also be used to create a new revision by a used service which interfaces with the file for manipulation. In AQP all revisions share a global URI hash to attribute them together called a genesis hash.

Transaction Security

Transaction security is an economic measure of the level of integrity assurance for a transaction. It is defined as the cost required to forge a transaction. The transaction security can be increased by cryptographic security and by strong replication of transactions. Public distributed ledger systems are highly suitable for providing very high level of transaction security at the cost of privacy and immutability (data can’t be changed or deleted). Today, public distributed ledgers such as Bitcoin and Ethereum provide the highest level of transaction security.

Data Asset

Data turns into a valuable asset if it is accounted for. In an accounted form it can be easily priced, exchanged or traded.

Data Vault

Software used to store and manage data with an account. The software must apply a secure architecture and measures for keeping data assets safe. This is achieved through encryption, strong authentication and restrictive access to keep data private by default.

See Design Principles / Separation of Account and Service

Witness

We define witnessing as the process of observing an event. A witness is judged by their capability to recollect and share an observed event. In other words, witnessing is the process of storing input data for later playback to provide data symmetry around an event.

Witness Network

The digital service in a distributed ledger or similar infrastructure which provides transaction security and data symmetry for shared data within the network. An example of a witness network would be Ethereum.

E.g. Ethereum can be used to store a digital fingerprint of a domain snapshot of a data vault. A domain snapshot is the Merklized state of all witnessed hash chains being present in the data vault. It is required to pay the witness network for its service. In the case of Ethereum, this is done using ‘Ether’. This in return allows the account owner to create an ‘undeniable’ proof that a specific revision and the previous revisions within a hash chain has existed.

Portable Hash Chain

A hash chain is a linked list where each node contains the cryptographic hash of the previous node content. A portable hash chain is a hash chain that can be moved from one host to another.

Immutable Hyperlinks / Transclusions

See Immutable Hyperlinks .

Specification

To identify a revision with a unique fingerprint, we hash its content using the SHA3-512 hashing function which always has a 128 characters long output. This value can be used as a checksum to verify data integrity. The checksum can then be entangled in a hash-chain to create an immutable track record. We then calculate multiple properties associated with the revision, in addition to its content checksum. In the next section, we differentiate between REQUIRED and OPTIONAL properties for each revision.

All hashes are based on SHA3-512 . This encryption standard is used to construct portable hash chains , which are serializing of data and its history in a form that can be verified, and independent of location. The portable hash chain can be fully or partially exchanged between hosts depending on the application of the data. From here on, we refer the term “portable hash chain” as “hash chain.”

In order to implement the AQP, we need to utilize a software that is capable of generating portable hash chains and facilitating actions described in the AQP. We call those nodes which facilitate the Aqua Protocol ‘Aqua Data Vaults’ which given their role should be implemented as a software with secure architecture and measures for keeping data assets safe. This is achieved through encryption, authentication and restrictive access to keep data private by default.

Revision Verification Structure

A revision is RECOMMENDED to be limited to 50 Megabytes to ensure that the verification can take place on all imaginable clients which might have slow network connectivity, low memory, low cpu performance. Once a revision is verified, the next one can be verified. Clients with more performance will be able to parallelize the verification. Larger files can be chunked to be placed in multiple revisions.

A verified data structure is identified by its URI verification_hash and grouped by its genesis_hash. The first revision created will create a verification_hash which has a special meaning and is referred to as the genesis_hash. All future revisions building upon that first revision will be attributed to the genesis_hash as a unique URI for grouping the revisions. This allows us to understand if two revisions are related without needing to verify the whole history of the hash chain.

Verification Hash

revision_verification_hash is the hash sum over the string formed by the following operation

revision_verification_hash = calculate_hash_sum(
    content_hash + metadata_hash +
    signature_hash + witness_hash
)

The content_hash and metadata_hash are REQUIRED. The signature_hash and witness_hash are OPTIONAL.

Content

A content hash is the check sum for all content data fields which simplifies hash construction and the ability to identify data corruption in this part of the verification structure. content_hash is the hash sum over the string formed by following operation:

contentObj = {
    "main": content,
    "extension_key_1": content_extension_1,
    "extension_key_2": content_extension_2,
    ...,
    "extension_key_n": content_extension_n,
}
sortedContenObj = sort_by_keys(contentObj)
content_hash = calculate_hash_sum(
    sortedContenObjValue_1,
    sortedContenObjValue_2,
    ...,
    sortedContenObjValue_n,
)

Description:

• content: The string input of the visible page using UTF-8 encoding schema. REQUIRED.
• content extensions: more data MAY be encapsulated in addition to the main content. These could be a file, a stateful link, or a signature. The content extensions are sorted alphabetically by their key names. OPTIONAL.
• The sort_by_keys function sorts the content object elements by their keys alphabetically. The JSON input MAY be a canonical JSON, in which the keys order is already alphabetical, but we sort it always to ensure the order is correct.

To see an example of contentObj of a revision, see the example section,

Metadata

metadata_hash = calculate_hash_sum(
    domain_id + time_stamp + previous_verification_hash
)

Description:

• metadata_hash: The check sum for all metadata data fields. It simplifies the hash construction and the ability to identify data corrupton in this part of the verification structure.
• domain_id: 10 digits hexadecimal randomly generated to identify the host system that runs the AQP service.
• time_stamp: time-stamp of the current revision (decimal numbers YYYYMMDDHHMMSS e.g. 20211128092608).
• previous_verification_hash: previous_revision_verification_hash if present

Signature

A signature in AQP is a cryptographic signature generated by public-private key pair. The protocol should be abstract, where it will support ‘Method’ in later iterations. This will allow us to use different types of implementations such as: PGP signatures, Ethereum, or Bitcoin wallet ’s signatures.

In this specification, we use the AQP reference implementation’s signing method, which is via an Ethereum wallet.

signature_hash = calculate_hash_sum(
    signature + public_key
)

The signature is generated by a wallet signing the following message:

I sign the following page verification_hash:" +[0x<revision_verification_hash>]

The revision_verification_hash MUST NOT be signed twice by the same key, to avoid information leakage of the private key.

For example, a wallet with an address of 0xa2026582b94feb9124231fbf7b052c39218954c2 and a public key of 0x041518581af65749b3ddc69889df3e5d229bc8ad79279a07ddeb368ade5e1592368c5ff3b69143d7a1e7cf64f7d0774a6724e6eaf138d318d07ddc30f6081ca89a signs the following message:

I sign the following page verification_hash:" +[0x9dab72c7635043452958c4cc2902f48ef7c4ae437058280197c6a2736ab9635f799cbf190d9d07dd76589055a8ad64e61c6bebd1487994207d4cb7918b471f57]

which results in the following signature:

0x19b5697c4541509c1add3db9fc2f678b7b80325ebffd4d945ca00db5f8b3f98a142edbf9a7faa0a0c7ec4f10ae1b64cf2ea62ce3ee73ed2e37ce916d6bd016601c

Witness

Witnessing allows one to undeniably prove the existence of a dataset (represented as a portable hash chain). To complete the witnessing process, a Domain Snapshot is created. This is a collection of all revision hashes within one domain. A Merkle tree is used to unify all hashes of the latest revisions of all portable hash chains within a domain into a single hash value.

The witness_event_verification_hash is written to the Witness Network . The witness_event_verification_hash is then generated by using the domain_snapshot_genesis_hash and the merkle_root hash together. This allows the page snapshot itself to also be witnessed.

A single revision which has been witnessed, will not store the whole Merkle tree, but only its relevant path to the Merkle root. Performing a Merkle proof means that its revision is included in the Merkle tree.

witness_hash = calculate_hash_sum(
    domain_snapshot_genesis_hash + merkle_root +
    witness_network + witness_event_transaction_hash
)

Description:

• witness_hash: the checksum for all signature data fields. It simplifies hash construction and identifies data corruption in this part of the verification structure.
• domain_snapshot_genesis_hash: Refers to the URI of the page which stores the whole Merkle tree of the witness event.
• merkle_root: the root hash of the Merkle tree. The presence of the Merkle tree allows for lazy verification to reduce required computational steps for verification by skipping the Merkle proof as both datasets can be entangled in the chain by a newer revision and therefore be immutable.
• witness_network: specifies which witness network was used to store the witness_event. The following structure shows an AQP hash chain with 3 revisions which wrote the witness_event_verification_hash into the witness network.

Additional context:

• relative-merkle-tree-proof: This provide the relative path with all required hashes to verify the Merkle tree root from the first node which the verification_hash of the revision as a starting point.
• witness_event_verification_hash: It is calculated by taking the sha3-512 checksum of the domain_snapshot_genesis_hash and the merkle_root hash. This ensures that thedomain_snapshot itself will be witnessed.

Example

The following structure shows an AQP hash chain with 3 revisions:

1st Revision

This revision features all REQUIRED (content, metadata) and all OPTIONAL (signature, witness) AQP data fields.

{
  "verification_context": {
    "has_previous_signature": false,
    "has_previous_witness": false
  },
  "content": {
    "rev_id": 358,
    "content": {
      "main": "First revision text",
      "transclusion-hashes": ""
    },
    "content_hash": "ae188be061822074716b43925b3ffa90a03c530342be73c3440d8f022765ffebbb56c16552f13cd1ea61f876d2d892e0a73dcba5173fc47d371b4251d6c094da"
  },
  "metadata": {
    "domain_id": "acfa9f682e",
    "time_stamp": "20220116090401",
    "previous_verification_hash": "",
    "metadata_hash": "d1025fd8866d9367735d2f6617b3aa87401e08d726f311cdf834ea9540955bfc59b428676bce5d47d5fed381394ab2ed838c5eecfc9cb37313705374752c247d",
    "verification_hash": "9dab72c7635043452958c4cc2902f48ef7c4ae437058280197c6a2736ab9635f799cbf190d9d07dd76589055a8ad64e61c6bebd1487994207d4cb7918b471f57"
  },
  "signature": {
    "signature": "0x19b5697c4541509c1add3db9fc2f678b7b80325ebffd4d945ca00db5f8b3f98a142edbf9a7faa0a0c7ec4f10ae1b64cf2ea62ce3ee73ed2e37ce916d6bd016601c",
    "public_key": "0x041518581af65749b3ddc69889df3e5d229bc8ad79279a07ddeb368ade5e1592368c5ff3b69143d7a1e7cf64f7d0774a6724e6eaf138d318d07ddc30f6081ca89a",
    "wallet_address": "0xa2026582b94feb9124231fbf7b052c39218954c2",
    "signature_hash": "cc42f40c4452a25f9ea48a97b6dfba6f69dec347db5c1adf25475b0b4a5da36af3fe48bf9f7ea0dda6bbed9367dc9c82834dbf8cc7f6220fd190cdb729d3f4ec"
  },
  "witness": {
    "witness_event_id": "2",
    "domain_id": "acfa9f682e",
    "domain_snapshot_title": "Data Accounting:DomainSnapshot:b33afaf53ed3d245f0319d4997db2032de9d77791ae11f5125189815eef44f2fba9633bebe2e57bc5ea4b0424872ed02fa6aa9ad909f467726b536933bf715bf",
    "witness_hash": "9707780cebcf6ed02b40bd7e6956b35ffe142a2b5f8cee15c703a652fa389eb118ef101e2f463e95663aa4013a42d9f1ce4a83eed3528b02bf98626e7599bbd8",
    "domain_snapshot_genesis_hash": "b33afaf53ed3d245f0319d4997db2032de9d77791ae11f5125189815eef44f2fba9633bebe2e57bc5ea4b0424872ed02fa6aa9ad909f467726b536933bf715bf",
    "merkle_root": "14f26d7dc0be77afff9131c03cab39a2fa9e1270c6face3fdc35b9b4b4ac4550d048c356a4713568c42411c3e7fe3553ec7b993c9bd7da97cb976e843d7e4d29",
    "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
    "witness_network": "goerli",
    "smart_contract_address": "0x45f59310ADD88E6d23ca58A0Fa7A55BEE6d2a611",
    "witness_event_transaction_hash": "0x5900103adc09a789fd3bd7c23dfeff1ffce41dfba0a52b525ecc032e9279eb1f",
    "sender_account_address": "0xa2026582b94feb9124231fbf7b052c39218954c2",
    "source": "default",
    "structured_merkle_proof": [
      {
        "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
        "depth": "4",
        "left_leaf": "2554fb53531f4de26ff3ad1fb8c61feea6ea47c3f13c4abda385c46ef8541361f7eee42433050281714a3900115f04fe52b5a8d781a71c4c439c5de6b91cbe3c",
        "right_leaf": "9dab72c7635043452958c4cc2902f48ef7c4ae437058280197c6a2736ab9635f799cbf190d9d07dd76589055a8ad64e61c6bebd1487994207d4cb7918b471f57",
        "successor": "789e508ccb23fe053b628cebc19a2d32f34e6aa21e878e8611f7c14d891625c7b2e243b3c3105b98295333b9183e5ea272a055a84ab65ad927f7fd9c27aae48e"
      },
      {
        "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
        "depth": "3",
        "left_leaf": "789e508ccb23fe053b628cebc19a2d32f34e6aa21e878e8611f7c14d891625c7b2e243b3c3105b98295333b9183e5ea272a055a84ab65ad927f7fd9c27aae48e",
        "right_leaf": "c16a966333cd22ff3497875a62202874221c1dae2e74b4351d058910f8d37160be480fce9aab4ec5e725beb695509f0fd65ae581568c6f1ae25eb4f1440b287f",
        "successor": "80d7549af24e9a6bdfc32cefe0536d6528d665cc8e65859ef4cff87270f3db8d9b95aaecc167e10c9b5be9ce3ab36d8d880c3a518e1c5eb899ca9d95af24e9db"
      },
      {
        "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
        "depth": "2",
        "left_leaf": "80d7549af24e9a6bdfc32cefe0536d6528d665cc8e65859ef4cff87270f3db8d9b95aaecc167e10c9b5be9ce3ab36d8d880c3a518e1c5eb899ca9d95af24e9db",
        "right_leaf": "f4e189a08b486253ea0a5cc7bf7150055e738898115c4caf00e45634d6925539d51852409d1fe9108469e9b15668b940f3369300bb27cc292d1fabc0c07cd593",
        "successor": "e227dd97e5166364483b41f058f0d176e3a50a7510299038b09ae3aef2cbafb26c787afad82563a945b433fa2d1279af3535755235ab69d6e5ab089179177c14"
      },
      {
        "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
        "depth": "1",
        "left_leaf": "e227dd97e5166364483b41f058f0d176e3a50a7510299038b09ae3aef2cbafb26c787afad82563a945b433fa2d1279af3535755235ab69d6e5ab089179177c14",
        "right_leaf": "780f3eb08f24022be4463be141bcda6a33a157cd0fd44cf209312b8427ac4036637a63d239526555128a4e7f4bb588ebfdbd8a8cc7d797038e29b852a4fae26c",
        "successor": "f3bd4e82b1e3d304005a7ddf4ab940f3e4e1cf099ca1c058454c431ed3feb0674c044e53150eb5691073ba58a3491565f72f6a6c2a24562ea080b569b4496c9f"
      },
      {
        "witness_event_verification_hash": "67e187411f1e514f232ae2858168da29b15ddfd07523e7a7618bfbf91c583f54fe8e850146120539a92a63ce6138f96599fb8a46ed492e428fe6fde9b9ea82ae",
        "depth": "0",
        "left_leaf": "f3bd4e82b1e3d304005a7ddf4ab940f3e4e1cf099ca1c058454c431ed3feb0674c044e53150eb5691073ba58a3491565f72f6a6c2a24562ea080b569b4496c9f",
        "right_leaf": "4a0c120fbdd6219b774eb2cb2076f4050d606b621e384c3ec645be0e5dbcdac3132f1f2acb531fa5ff62429907b77cf8d29a760be3765eb4decd83949a2925f8",
        "successor": "14f26d7dc0be77afff9131c03cab39a2fa9e1270c6face3fdc35b9b4b4ac4550d048c356a4713568c42411c3e7fe3553ec7b993c9bd7da97cb976e843d7e4d29"
      }
    ]
  }
}

2nd Revision

This revision entangles all data fields of the previous revision. As the calculation of the revision_verification hash depends on the revision of the previous revision, it is shown in verification_context.

{
  "verification_context": {
    "has_previous_signature": true,
    "has_previous_witness": true
  },
  "content": {
    "rev_id": 362,
    "content": {
      "main": "First revision text",
      "signature-slot": "[\n    {\n        \"user\": \"0xa2026582b94feb9124231fbf7b052c39218954c2\",\n        \"timestamp\": \"20220116090439\"\n    }\n]",
      "transclusion-hashes": ""
    },
    "content_hash": "9732084a45fd344d63687ccf9b5cd942f99ffe1debd11622b05d0cd24a2de3e5608d5f5121bdd7559c0a2d39067f9258c4f9612e44728df2e8d9026a88ed650c"
  },
  "metadata": {
    "domain_id": "acfa9f682e",
    "time_stamp": "20220116090439",
    "previous_verification_hash": "9dab72c7635043452958c4cc2902f48ef7c4ae437058280197c6a2736ab9635f799cbf190d9d07dd76589055a8ad64e61c6bebd1487994207d4cb7918b471f57",
    "metadata_hash": "8df483539e2f81e64c9b9df0c7e13ae7778947b5defef860fbaed1260eade794999839bb254ea5006a5d4b6a89a37980ab576dc546d6336518d65b80bf2a5cb5",
    "verification_hash": "296347471b33f3d3c69cc6e0699d80b4cb68ffc79c3ecce96beb659fa324fab1de7a888932fbfb7c60bb8cc83c9445ce15532987a7b59440cada649681618293"
  },
  "signature": {
    "signature": "",
    "public_key": "",
    "wallet_address": "",
    "signature_hash": ""
  },
  "witness": null
}

3rd Revision

This revision features a transclusion-hash for an immutable link to another revision.

{
  "verification_context": {
    "has_previous_signature": false,
    "has_previous_witness": false
  },
  "content": {
    "rev_id": 363,
    "content": {
      "main": "First revision text\n\n[[File:Logo_inblockio.png]]",
      "signature-slot": "[\n    {\n        \"user\": \"0xa2026582b94feb9124231fbf7b052c39218954c2\",\n        \"timestamp\": \"20220116090439\"\n    }\n]",
      "transclusion-hashes": "[{\"dbkey\":\"Logo_inblockio.png\",\"ns\":6,\"verification_hash\":\"9b2b3cafb90a07433a2b61885a9e64641a99b1e9024cf53b640501d3706b142fed7bc372300973137ef9d92584fac70976c3889d5610abcfe1f187c248263a56\"}]"
    },
    "content_hash": "14b8256ccd5fa1d883983317f92f428eadb52f699f476b9be69f14c6892b41979ff7b5b7a7a978177985d6aaa0bcfd9857a2646aedc4cbb3299373daa647814b"
  },
  "metadata": {
    "domain_id": "acfa9f682e",
    "time_stamp": "20220116090556",
    "previous_verification_hash": "296347471b33f3d3c69cc6e0699d80b4cb68ffc79c3ecce96beb659fa324fab1de7a888932fbfb7c60bb8cc83c9445ce15532987a7b59440cada649681618293",
    "metadata_hash": "09688c05a83bb74bb255fb0c571cb6314b65f5b7f00750547a2c43f4959d4702ae2aec019c6fb4b0e5d23adea87fd456b0eaffc6ae271163a1fa45b4bae54230",
    "verification_hash": "b35894d74dfcf8b41ff95eed97705e1acf9081021e0d478d8645cb04b8a0b4a013ee8f7fb6e140d149f2c92f20bba984fad5535938a5e36ae6a799a18343b806"
  },
  "signature": {
    "signature": "",
    "public_key": "",
    "wallet_address": "",
    "signature_hash": ""
  },
  "witness": null
}

API Endpoints

The AQP provides 3 API endpoints which return data from a host that runs the AQP:

Get Hash Chain

/get_hash_chain_info/{identifier}?identifier=<title or genesis hash>
Input:

• identifier_type: the value must either be “title” or “genesis_hash”
• identifier: the title or genesis_hash string, e.g. “Main Page” or “02c3c2…215d8d” Returns: all context for the requested hash_chain.

Example:

API Request: /get_hash_chain_info/genesis_hash?identifier=dffd37be12adc9e774b51aa712f7c5bfc09f48b083540d8ca55f91f317e8685bf09daf004f7c841e53732b8c7992de3f3b9b79350d13570c3b46803ba5119c26

API Response:

{
  "genesis_hash": "dffd37be12adc9e774b51aa712f7c5bfc09f48b083540d8ca55f91f317e8685bf09daf004f7c841e53732b8c7992de3f3b9b79350d13570c3b46803ba5119c26",
  "domain_id": "acfa9f682e",
  "latest_verification_hash": "2554fb53531f4de26ff3ad1fb8c61feea6ea47c3f13c4abda385c46ef8541361f7eee42433050281714a3900115f04fe52b5a8d781a71c4c439c5de6b91cbe3c",
  "site_info": {
    "sitename": "Personal Knowledge Container",
    "dbname": "my_wiki",
    "base": "http://localhost:9352/index.php/Aqua",
    "generator": "MediaWiki 1.37.1",
    "case": "first-letter",
    "namespaces": {
      "0": {
        "case": true,
        "title": ""
      },
     "6942": {
        "case": true,
        "title": "Data Accounting"
      }
    },
    "version": "0.3.0"
  },
  "title": "Aqua",
  "namespace": 0,
  "chain_height": 3
}

Get Revision Hashes

/get_revision_hashes/{verification_hash} Input:

• verification_hash Returns: the revision requested if it exists and/or a list of any newer revision than the one requested.

Example:

API Request: /get_revision_hashes/dffd37be12adc9e774b51aa712f7c5bfc09f48b083540d8ca55f91f317e8685bf09daf004f7c841e53732b8c7992de3f3b9b79350d13570c3b46803ba5119c26

API Response:

[
  "dffd37be12adc9e774b51aa712f7c5bfc09f48b083540d8ca55f91f317e8685bf09daf004f7c841e53732b8c7992de3f3b9b79350d13570c3b46803ba5119c26",
  "f483d7746f67e7099099bcfa8ea5a93148251c598857e8fad21ce842da62794467067802ef9e818d240cd3312a3346a769f363145a87bfc1eeae19fe8d21b328",
  "2554fb53531f4de26ff3ad1fb8c61feea6ea47c3f13c4abda385c46ef8541361f7eee42433050281714a3900115f04fe52b5a8d781a71c4c439c5de6b91cbe3c"
]

Get Revision

/get_revision/{verification_hash} Input:

• verification_hash Returns: the revision content together with its verification data

Example: See example above.

API Request: /get_revision/dffd37be12adc9e774b51aa712f7c5bfc09f48b083540d8ca55f91f317e8685bf09daf004f7c841e53732b8c7992de3f3b9b79350d13570c3b46803ba5119c26

Verification Process

The verification process is a redo of the verification data generation process, and additionally a comparison of their results.

Verification of Content

All hashes are recalculated in a separate client implementation, and compared with the ones sent via the API. If the data was not altered or corrupted; nor was there a difference in the process to calculate the hash, they will match. This will create a high level of assurance that the integrity and history of the portable hash chain in question has not been altered.

Verification of Account

We cryptographically verify that the revision signature is indeed generated by the account specified in the verification data.

Verification of Time

To verify that the witness event included in a revision is correct, a lookup and comparison of the witness_event_verification_hash on-chain is performed and compared with the recalculated event.

Reference Implementation

Appendix

The following content is informational and not part of the specification. It should help to better understand utility, context and services which can be built on top of AQP.

Aqua Protocol v1.1 Changes

Moving over to revision based verification. This allows:

• Bulk / in parallel verification; ensuring logarithmic verification times, not linear increasing verification times with longer history. In short: Much faster and scalable.
• Single revision and range verification (you want to verify a specific part of the content-chain)
  • This is useful for verification of identity claims, where trusted parties have signed the claim and for the validator it’s sufficient to see that signature.
• This allows direct verification after every edit via the Guardian. This is the preparation in the interaction to provide services through the Guardian .
• Changing the design to include transclusions e.g. this allows the verification of subpages via their stateful links / revision_verification_hashes
  • This also allows the inclusion of media files in the verification process
  • You can upload pictures, PDF’s, Word-Documents and have them automatically included in the aqua protocol and therefore in the verified data-structure
• Introduction of verification_context which indicates if the previous revision has signature or witness data, or if the current revision has transcluded resources. This will build the correct verification structure before verification.

Change in the data-structure:

• when requesting a revision this is done via the GetRevisionHandler.php
• the previous verification hash is always served as well
• if signature or witness data is present in the previous revision, there is a flag (1/0) that this revision depends on the previous revision
• transcluded resources will be added to the content hash for verification

Data Accounting Protocol v1.2 [TBD]

• Generalization of the Signature-Metadata to inform which signature method was used.
  • GPG Signatures
  • BTC Wallet Signatures
  • Ethereum Wallet Signatures
  • Done by: Displaying method used for signing, displaying underlying architecture.
• Including Account as part of the verified data structure
• Defining maximum payload size per revision

Services on AQP (Not yet implemented, exploration)

• AQP-DACS: Domain Access Control System

• See: Guardian (Acting similar to a WebApplication-Firewall)

• ANS: Name-System and Name-Registry.

• See Aqua Name Resolution

• AQP-SSI: Self-Sovereign-Identity Protocol for Identity Claim management

• See Aqua Identity Protocol

• AQP Delegated Witnessing

  • See Delegated Witnessing

Similar Projects

None of the listed projects apply the concepts of versioning to their documents, the concept of portable hash chains, the concept of personal data vaults for data management in comparison with the AQP reference implementation.

This following list is not exhaustive:

• Surety The oldest blockchain-like timestamping service which has been publishing to the New York Times since 1995.
• OpenTimestamp A free and open-source service provided by Peter Todd using the Bitcoin network as a distributed cryptographic clock. The AQP MAY use OpenTimestamp as a witness network.
• OriginStamp A company providing paid timestamping services for their customers. It looks very similar to OpenTimestamps with open-source client libraries.
• Factom Protocol A service which creates an architecture with an extra layer of blockchain, to provide an extra layer of trusted parties while providing their own token. In our opinion, it introduces unnecessary complexity and intermediaries as dependencies compared to the AQP.
• OpenAttestation An implementation of a timestamping service for document certification. One application of it is for secure digital vaccination certificates by the Singaporean government. They use the MetaMask Ethereum wallet for signing documents making it the most similar project to AQP to our knowledge.

Blockchain Context

DISCLAIMER: AQP is not a permissionless distributed ledger. In order for the AQP to be valuable and working, a single node implementation and single node deployments are sufficient, and do not require the witnessing part. The AQP MAY benefit from being published to a distributed ledger technology (DLT)) to achieve a witness event with high transaction security. AQP does not have a token nor is it distributing data by default.

As some concepts are very similar as those used in DLT’s, please refer to the following:

A portable hash chain and its revisions are similar to a blockchain structure and its blocks, which has its own root hash and a set of transactions which are included inside.

A side note

It has not escaped our notice that the provided AQP improves the existing process of double-entry bookkeeping and provides a foundation for a new data economy. This also allows to create unforgeable invoices which can be clearly attributed to its sender, avoiding fraud. This is one of many other use cases, e.g. providing trusted news via revision-controlled journalism.